The Role of Fungal Endophytes in Promoting Plant Growth and Stress Tolerance: Insights from African Grasslands

Abstract

Fungal endophytes, microorganisms that live within plant tissues without causing harm, have been shown to play significant roles in promoting plant growth and enhancing stress tolerance. This study investigates the diversity and functional potential of fungal endophytes in native grass species from African grasslands. Samples were collected from grasses across different regions in Kenya and Ghana, and fungal communities were characterized using DNA sequencing techniques. The results revealed a rich diversity of endophytes, with Trichoderma, Fusarium, and Penicillium species being the most prevalent. Fungal inoculations in greenhouse trials showed that these endophytes improved plant growth, drought tolerance, and disease resistance in grasses. Inoculated plants exhibited higher chlorophyll content, root mass, and leaf area compared to controls, and were better able to withstand water stress. Metabolite profiling of inoculated plants revealed the presence of stress-related compounds, such as antioxidants and phytohormones, which were likely produced by the endophytes to mitigate environmental stress. This study highlights the potential of fungal endophytes as a sustainable, environmentally friendly means of improving crop resilience and productivity in African grasslands. The findings contribute to the growing body of research on plant-microbe interactions and offer new opportunities for agricultural innovation in Africa.