Effects of Urbanization on Plant Diversity in the Eastern Alps: A Long-Term Study

Abstract

Urbanization is one of the most significant drivers of biodiversity loss, particularly in alpine ecosystems that are already vulnerable due to their harsh environmental conditions. This study investigates the long-term effects of urbanization on plant diversity in the Eastern Alps of Austria, focusing on the processes of ecological succession and habitat fragmentation. Using historical data from 1980 to 2020, we assessed changes in plant community composition and richness across different levels of urbanization. The results showed a significant decline in native species, with an increase in invasive and opportunistic species in highly urbanized areas. Areas with low levels of urbanization, particularly those close to protected natural reserves, maintained higher levels of species diversity. We also observed that the intensity of habitat fragmentation, such as the development of infrastructure and the expansion of agricultural land, was correlated with a decrease in plant species richness. Our findings underscore the need for effective urban planning and conservation strategies that promote green spaces and biodiversity corridors to mitigate the negative impacts of urban sprawl. This research contributes to the understanding of how urbanization interacts with alpine plant ecosystems, providing a basis for future conservation initiatives in the face of rapid global urbanization.